The Analysis Of Translation Errors

The Analysis Of Translation Errors Translation is one of the means that people use to other languages betterbecause there are a lot of languages spoken in this world. Since there are so many cultures and ideas shared in this world, Indonesians need to learn other languages and one of them is English. In order to be able to exchange ideas with people in other countries, Indonesians need to be proficient in spoken and written English. However the majority of Indonesian people do not speak English. That is why they have to learn English from the basic. For themtranslation is a necessary skill. One of the problems in translation is that sometimes a translator cannot transfer messages well (CITATION HERE). But because Indonesians lack of translation skills, the writer found that some works of translation do not have the same message as the original writer wants to tell to the target language. Translating a sentence can be challenging,. It should tell the context that the original language wants to tell and it must be of the same meaning. According to Nida, translation is the reproduction in a target language of the closest natural equivalent of the source language message (Nida, 1982, 208). If translators cannot translate the messages accurately, the readers will have difficulty in understanding the messages. To understanding the messages accurately, the translation skill must be taught and mastered. According to Gabrielatos (1998), translation has a long history in English Language Teaching. Many teachers use translation techniques to deliver their teaching materials. Translation is most frequently used as a convenient shortcut when teaching vocabulary, by providing equivalents in the learners mother tongues. The other reason is that a lot of written media, such as books, modules, novels, magazines are translated into English language. Translation skill is a basic skill in English. In order to understand English texts well, a person needs to be able to translate or even master the translation skill. Translation skill is also important for someone who works with TV or movie production. Translation work focuses in the area of education, particularly in higher education. In the Faculty of Letters, students learn the translation skills; they have to take translation class. The Faculty of Letters offers two levels of translation class. In the basic translation class, students learn how to translate English readings or paragraphs to Indonesian. In the more advanced class, students learn to translate Indonesian paragraphs or articles into English Unfortunately, many students cannot master the translation skill well. Due to such problems, the writer is concerned that the work of translation would be seen by the other English learners. They still have to learn that the essence of translation is to translate the sentence thoroughly, not by a word. By seeing the result of translation above, the students still face an ambiguity of Indonesian word, phrase, and sentence. In this study, the writer wants to investigate whether student translations are accurate or not and to find out the most common errors in their translation. FIELD OF THE STUDY This study is in the field of Linguistics SCOPE OF THE STUDY In doing his research, the writer intends to examine the error analysis in translation. He is interested in analyzing the grammatical errors in students translations. However, spelling errors which do not affect the content and the grammar of the text are ignored. PROBLEM FORMULATION In this study, the research problem is content and grammatical errors in translation. This study will address the following research questions: What translation error occurs in the students translation? What type of content and grammatical errors occur in the translation? What is the most dominant errors in translation? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study are as follows: To investigate the kind of translation errors in students translation. To find type of content and grammatical errors occur in the translation. To compare the dominant translation error, whether grammatical or content errors occur in translation. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The writer hopes that this analysis can contribute to the discussion of content and grammatical errors in translation. The result of this study will hopefully help English learners to improve their translation skill. If they are aware of the most common mistakes in translation, they will be able to avoid such errors. In addition, this study will provide suggestions and recommendations that learners and teachers can implement. DEFINITION OF TERMS a. Translation error : can not deliver the meaning correctly b. Content error : failed to share ideas from the original text c. Grammatical error : going out from the rule of a grammar in context CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Translation Scholars define translation in different ways. Some define the term translation on the basis of the essence and the process of translation. According to Catford, the meaning of translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent material in another language (Catford, 1965). In Catfords definition, the purpose of translation study is to convey an intended meaning of a material in the source Language (SL) into target Language (TL). So, the meaning in SL has to be equivalent with that in TL. Savory (1968) suggests that Translation is made possibly by an equivalent of thought that lies behind it different verbal expression. This means that the essence of translation lies on the equivalent thought. It means that the main ideas in the source language are the same as those in the target language. Nida and Taber define the meaning of translation by focusing it on the process of translation. They state that Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (1982). Their definition is the complete one. They state that in the TL, the meaning and the style (structure or grammar) must be as natural as possible, so the result of the translation does not look like a translation work. In those definitions, there are three similar ideas. Firstly, there is a process of transferring from one language into another language. The second one is that the meaning has to be retained. The last, the translator must carry the closest equivalent idea in the target language. 2.2 Common Problems in Translation Newmark (1988) and Barnet Stubbs (1980) classify the errors found in translation into the following: Different sense In this category the translation is totally different from the original text in terms of linguistic sense of meaning, be it in the word or sentence level. In this category, the translation is a misstatement of fact. (Newmark, 1988) Less precise or less accurate There is nothing perfect on the works of translation but it must cover the words into an original meaning of a sentence in whole. That is why this category is related to the precision or accuracy of the original text meaning. Misuse of phrases To translate the phrase to an exact word must be selected into several categories, whether the order of a word is accurate or not. In this category, the translation misuse of phrases such as more and more for increasingly, above all for particularly ; job for work; got well for recovered and excessively familiar phrasal verbs (get out of, get rid of) (Newmark,1988). Misuse of formal or official register The translation errors are in the degree of formality, generality, and emotional tone of a text. For instance, decease for death (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) Less coherent The result of the translation does not fit in standard phrases and forms. For example in a narrative, it has formulaic opening (Once upon a time) and a formulaic close (they all lived happily ever after). Less cohesive In this category, the translation error is related to the relation between sentences. The most common forms these take care connectives denoting addition (however, on the contrary), result (therefore, consequently), and other connectives. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) Added Sometimes, the translation adds additional information which does not exist in the original text. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) 8. Left out In this category, the translation misses the ideas of the original texts. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) 2.3 Grammatical Errors Richard (1971) suggests that ultralingual errors are those which reflect the general characteristics of rule learning, such as faulty generalizations, in complete application of rules, and failure to learn conditions under rules apply. This can happen when the subject is going out from the rule of a grammar in context. According to Richards, translation errors can be categorized as follows: Errors in the Production of Verbs Groups In this case, the translation errors are related to the production of verb such as gerunds, infinitives, participles (present/ past), errors in the use of verbs forms after modals, and the production of agreements of verbs with subject. The examples are as follows Errors in the production of tense forms He is speaks French. He did not asks me. Errors in the production of verb forms I enjoy to work. Did you go to shopping? Errors in the use of verb forms after modals She cannot goes. We must worked hard. Errors in the production of agreements of verbs with subjects She go to school everyday. They walks to the market. 2.3.2 Errors in the Distribution of Verb Groups Errors in the distribution of verb groups are classified into the inversion of verb and subject in direct or reported statements, the misuse of present or past participles, and the misuse of subject or objects. The examples are as follows: Errors in the inversion of verb and subject in direct or reported statements: He said that had he worked hard. She asked me whether was she hungry. The misuse of present or past participles The country was discovering by Colombus. I am interested in that. The misuse of subjects or objects Kate is my friend. He is a teacher. Eric is a doctor. I want to marry her. 2.3.3 Miscellaneous Errors Miscellaneous errors are classified into errors in the use of pronouns, errors in the adverbs, errors in the use of adjectives, errors in the use of too or so, errors in the position of words, errors in the use of plural, and errors in the use of conjunctions. The examples are as follows: Errors in the use of pronouns Ann met I at the museum. She walked between Eni and he. Errors in the use of adverbs She sings beautiful. He ran fastly. Errors in the use of adjectives I met a kindly man. She is a beautifully woman. Errors in the use of too or so I am so lazy to stay at home. I am too tired that I cannot work Errors in the position of words She swims often in Tretes. He really is a good architect. Errors in the use of plural Tina bought a watches. There are two dog in his house. Errors in the use of conjunctions Though he is poor, but he is very diligent. Is a lemon sweet but sour? CHAPTER III METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION This chapter contains the method of the study. It consists of methodological approach, source of data, data collection, and data analysis. In conducting this research, the writer uses quantative method. He uses quantative because the data will be in numerical form such as statistics, and percentages. He analyzes sentences, and then he describes and explores the errors and put them in the table in form of percentage. 3.1 Material The sources of data for this study are the students assignments of translation course in the Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University. The writer only investigates twenty five assignments to limit the number of data. 3.2 Procedure The writer collects students assignments and randomizes the twenty five of students assignments then analyse the mistakes happen the most. The mistakes can be found in the students assignments, identifying red stripe left by the lecturer. In doing this research, the writer used three steps. In the first place, in order to understand the meaning of the sentences, the writer reads the Indonesian sentences as a whole. After that, he reads the sentence by sentence and compared those sentences with the corresponding English sentences slowly and carefully. Furthermore, he focuses on the errors. He underlines the Indonesian part and the corresponding English error in bold type. There are some steps in the analysis. Firstly, the writer reads the Indonesian and the English sentence by sentence to know whether the content is already the same or not. If he finds out the content errors, he classified it based on the type of content error following Newmark (1988) and Barnett Stubbs classifications (1980). Table 1: Content error No. sentence Indonesian text English text Category Correction After he finishes identifying the content error, he identifies the grammatical error and classifies it into the type of grammatical error following Richards categories (1974). Table 2: Grammatical error No. sentence Indonesian text English text Category Correction For the last part, he deals with the dominant translation error which occurred in the translation class. He makes three tables, they are consists of content error, grammatical error, and types of content and grammatical error and their frequencies.

Migration from Mexico to united states

Migration is a subject that is studied on all levels when dealing with humanity and its idiosyncrasies. In order to understand migration we must understand the various components involved in migration, including internal migration, external migration, immigration and both refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. We must attempt to understand the reasons to migrate and how laws affect the various forms of migration and if there would be solutions to this practice of migration. The objective is to study the problems, the solutions and the reasoning behind migration as a whole. In order to understand the reasons behind migration of people we must first define the various components of migration. Migration refers to the movement of an individual from his or her home country, also known as the source country to another country as his or her destination. The two main movements are involved include immigration and emigration. Immigration would be the movement of individuals into a country. Emigration is the movement of individuals from their home country. The balance between emigration and immigration would be known as net migration and this can be either positive or negative. Positive would be when immigration exceeds emigration and negative would be the reverse of that process. (Kar, 2006, 187) There are many different influences and consequences relative to migration for anyone that moves from where they originated. Factors that would have to do with migration include the economic growth and development of the country that people are leaving, specifically GDP, the level of domestic development, and finally income and quality of life within the countries. Another two factors include how urbanized an area would be and variations in that consideration along with levels of education that would in fact be available for children across the country of origin in place of isolated areas. Occasionally, the amount of US influence on a country can either adversely or conversely affect the amount of migration. We see this today as we build walls along the US and Mexican border. We see it in the denials for migrants that are entering this country from all over the world as the numbers increase exponentially. The US has gone so far as to create the Homeland Security office to ensure that human trafficking is policed, and have created new laws to create fencing between the US and Mexican border to prevent more immigrants from entering the country illegally. An attempt at appeasement for Mexico in regard to what was known as the bill to create a guest worker program failed in gaining the necessary acceptance. (Fletcher, 2003, 343) Migration from Mexico has generated a sizeable Mexican-born population in the United States. Mexican estimates compute this population in the range of 8 to 8.5 million, of which the non-authorized component is estimated between 3 and 3.5 million. The US Census Bureau estimates that there are more than nine million Mexican immigrants living in the United States. Of these, approximately 4.7 million, or over half, are undocumented. However, about 1.6 million, or one in five Mexicans, are naturalized US citizens (MPI, 2002, 1). Regulation and policing will only go so far in slowing the amount of migration. Force rarely facilitates the ability to have residents of one country to remain in that country and there have been no recent incentives to have many of them stay in their own countries. The US may provide aid, and this may actually end up causing further migration in place of bringing a halt to it. Aid is not always the answer, unless that aid is universal in content coming from many donors in place of one. References Fletcher, R; (2003); Beliefs and Knowledge: Believing and Knowing; Howard & Price. Kar, P; (2006); History and related application of Migration; Dasgupta & Chatterjee. Migration Policy Institute (MPI). (2002) Mexico: A Crucial Crossroads. Retrieved 1/9/2007 Â  

How to Make Homemade Gel Air Fresheners

You can buy gel air fresheners, but if you make your own, you can choose your own scent, color, and decorations. Its easy, fun and takes less than an hour to make! For holiday appeal, consider layering different colored gels or using seasonal fragrances (e.g., pine or cinnamon for Christmas). Ingredients 2 cups distilled wateressential oil/fragrance4 packages unflavored gelatinempty jarfood coloring (optional)mold inhibitor (optional) How to Make a Gel Air Freshener Heat 1 cup of distilled water to boiling.Stir in 4 packages of unflavored gelatin (e.g., Knox) until dissolved.Remove the mixture from heat and stir in the other 1 cup water.Add 10-20 drops of essential oil or other concentrated fragrance. If desired, add food coloring to tint your gel. You may also wish to add a mold inhibitor, such as 1-2 T salt OR a small amount of potassium sorbate OR a splash of vodka.Pour the gel into clean baby food jars or other small, decorative containers.The gel will set at room temperature, although you can place the air fresheners in the refrigerator for a quick set (and scented fridge).Decorate your jars as desired and enjoy! Useful Tips This project requires heat, so adult supervision is required.Feel free to scale the recipe up or down to make the amount of gel you need (e.g., 1 cup water to 2 pkg gelatin).If you wish, you can (carefully) dissolve gelatin in concentrated liquid potpourri (no other ingredients needed) to make your air fresheners. Use a ratio of 1 cup liquid to 2 packages gelatin.You can make multi-colored gels by pouring a new color over one which has already set up (like making a layered gelatin dessert).

Plato s Argument For Evil - 1402 Words

One of the most influential and quoted verses in the atheist community can be traced back to ancient Greece. An analysis of Epicurus’ Argument for Evil reveals a challenge for Christians: can an omnibenevolent God exist in a world full of evil? Now, the philosopher was not talking about the Abrahamic God, he was focused more on the gods of his culture in Greece. So in order to use the words of Epicurus as an argument against the views of God held by modern day Christians, we must make some assumptions. Epicurus’ argument takes a logical and deductive analytical route with the existence of evil. This argument is not capable of being used to debate whether any God exists in general, instead it narrowly defines what a God is expected to do as an omnibenevolent being. This argument does allow for a God to exist that differs from traditional Christianity and does not care about or meddles in our personal lives. In western Christianity it is widely believed that god is in control of literally everything and it all happens as a part of his perfect plan, that we probably wouldn t understand. Even if that plan includes the suffering of innocent children. Epicurus is not trying to show that the existence of gods are impossible, but improbable. The goal of his statement is not to get the reader to reject the existence of gods, but to consider that the existence of gods are unlikely and probably not worth worrying about. Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is notShow MoreRelatedPlato s Meno As A Socratic Discussion On Human Sexuality And Age1686 Words   |  7 PagesPlato s Meno is a Socratic discussion on the definition of human virtues where the main participants are Socrates and Meno. Other speakers in the dialogue include an Athenian politician, one of Meno s slaves, and Socrates’ prosecutor Anytus, who is a friend to Meno. Meno wants to understand the broad definition of human virtues and while visiting Athens he initiates the dialogue on virtues with Socrates. The discussion begins with Meno inquiring from Socrates whether virtues can be learned. MenoRead MoreHuman Nature : Good Or Evil1053 Words   |  5 PagesGood or Evil All ideologies, including some economic ideologies, produce theories of human nature in order to establish fundamental human rights and to establish a more productive form of government. Human nature refers to the distinguishing characteristics of humans, including ways of thinking, feeling and acting; it is the moral principles that construct certain standards of behavior, which every person is entitled to simply because they are a human being. Many philosophers such as Plato, AristotleRead MoreThe Slave By Frederick Douglass972 Words   |  4 PagesConcepts, techniques, and ways of thinking can last much longer than their creators. The philosophy of Plato is an example of that. Its ideas can be found in a speech written thousands of years later. In â€Å"What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?† Frederick Douglass, a former slave, addresses an audience of white abolitionists on July 5th of 1852. He focuses on the disparity between the American values celebrated on the Indep endence Day and the issue of slavery. To do so, Douglass raises the questionRead MoreCritical View Into Philip Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment 1530 Words   |  7 Pagesinto Philip Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment Zimbardo s prison experiment continues to receive a lot of critics from the manner in which it was carried out to the results that its portrayed. Some people believe that as a psychologist, Zimbardo should have done a better job in trying to show how good can turn into evil through the said experiment. The research also demonstrates the interaction between the reality and the illusion which is also the concepts that Plato portrays in his analogyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Socrates s Gorgias 855 Words   |  4 PagesIn Gorgias by Plato, Socrates questions and stands his ground on the disadvantages of Rhetoric. Like Socrates, I believe that Rhetoric is a progressive form of language used to enhance one’s self by convincing others of their perspective and gain something in return for it, and that it shouldn’t be used because Rhetoric is dangerous to use to any person who could potentially use it for the wrong purpose. Socrates believes that rhetoric is a branch of flattery (Plato 27). Socrates makes it knownRead MorePopulist Leadership, Modern Tyranny1421 Words   |  6 Pagesamong a populist leader today, with the tyrant of yesterday described by Plato. According to Socrates the democratic man arose from the oligarchic father when he dared to place in the same rank the necessary and unnecessary desires enjoying them in moderation. In Book IX of the treatise of Plato s Republic, Socrates argues his disciple Adeimantus as the Democratic son of a man becomes a tyrant when he lets himself be dragged by evil companies that incite him to seek the pleasure of the forbidden at bestRead MoreApology, By Plato s Apology1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I know, I do not know,† are the words that constitute Socrates’ philosophy that â€Å"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.† In â€Å"Apology,† written by Plato, this ethical belief makes a bold appearance demonstra ting that true ignorance only revolves around those who think that they know everything. In â€Å"Apology,† Socrates learns that the wisest men are those who do not think of themselves of wise, and rather make an approach of going beyond an authentic method of inquiry and helping othersRead MoreTry to Persuade Socrates Friends to Save Him Against His Will1191 Words   |  5 PagesTry to persuade the Socrates`s friends to save him, against his will. Socrates Is one of the most colorful figures of the ancient Greek world, who the strangeness of privacy life have always been of special philosophical and political science. He was convict to death because he does not believe in God and corrupted the youth people to do the same. In Plato`s dialogue Crito, Socrates spent his last time in the prison. Crito is coming to save Socrates and have plans how toRead MoreSocrates Vs. Plato s Lysis1244 Words   |  5 PagesPlato’s Lysis. In this philosophical dialogue, Socrates and his peers debate potential theories concerning the reasons why people become friends with one another. Several theories are developed, but throughout the dialogue Socrates counters his own arguments in order to achieve further understanding of his inquiry. As they deliberate the true nature of friendship, Plato’s writing parallels his teacher, Socrates’ style because it ends in perplexity. Plato’s own ideas intermingle with Socrates’ in thisRead MoreEssay on Plato on the Existence of Negative Forms4235 Words   |  17 PagesPlato on the Existence of Negative Forms The question of the origin and nature of evil in the world has preoccupied philosophers throughout history. The ancient philosopher Plato does not directly address this question in his writings, but it can be argued that the logic of his theory of forms demands the existence of forms that are negative in meaning, such as the evil and the bad. When discussing his theory of imitation, Plato alludes to the principle that whenever there are